Coffee / Green Coffee Bean Extract

 Coffee:

• In a retrospective analysis, those who drank 4–5 cups of coffee per day had a 12-16% reduced risk of early death in the following 12–13-years. 1 cup per day was associated with a 5–6% lowered risk of early death.

• In an RCT with 500ml coffee consumption per day, DNA strand breaks in the coffee group decreased in comparison to the control group:  − 23% in the coffee group (p = 0.0012).

• Coffee has the greatest antioxidant capacity among the commonly consumed beverages (>=100mg CGA in a cup). Green coffee bean is rich in chlorogenic acid (CGA) and its related compounds (50% CGA). 

• Increases autophagy across liver, muscle, heart in mice experiments via inhibition of mTOR and global deacetylation of cellular protein.

Green Coffee Bean Extract:

• After 28 days, systolic blood pressure (SBP) in the placebo, 46 mg, 93 mg, and 185mg GCBE groups was reduced by −1.3±3.0 mmHg, −3.2±4.6 mmHg, −4.7±4.5 mmHg, and −5.6±4.2 mmHg from the baseline, respectively. 

• Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in the placebo, 46 mg, 93 mg, and 185 mg groups was reduced by −0.8±3.1 mmHg, −2.9±2.9 mmHg, −3.2±3.2 mmHg, and −3.9±2.8 mmHg from the baseline, respectively,

• Improved lipid panel

• TC (WMD: −4.51 mg/dL, 95% confidence interval (CI): −6.89, −2.12, p < 0.001)

• LDL(WMD: −4.38 mg/dL, 95% CI: −6.44, −2.31, p < 0.001)

• HDL (WMD: 2.63 mg/dL, 95% CI: 2.20, 3.07, p < 0.001)

• Trigs (WMD: −4.34 mg/dL, 95% CI: −9.00, 0.32, p = 0.068).

• Long term increases in lipolysis was seen upon regular consumption.

• Reductions in the body weight, body mass and fat mass indices, and waist-to-hip circumference ratio (modest effect size) in all RCTs. 

• [Vince Guiliano takes 200mg x 2 GCBE daily, roughly equivalent to 2 cups of coffee]

An important 2012 study on coffee consumption in 402,260 people aged 50–71 observed that those who drank the most coffee were significantly less likely to have died during the 12–13-year study period (4).

The sweet spot appeared to be a coffee intake of 4–5 cups per day. At this quantity, men and women had a 12% and 16 % reduced risk of early death, respectively. Drinking 6 or more cups per day provided no additional benefit.

However, even moderate coffee consumption of just one cup per day was associated with a 5–6% lowered risk of early death — showing that even a little bit is enough to have an effect.

Looking at particular causes of death, researchers found that coffee drinkers were less likely to die from infections, injuries, accidents, respiratory disease, diabetes, stroke, and heart disease (4).

Other more recent studies support these findings. Coffee intake seems to be consistently linked to a lower risk of early death (, 6).

Consumption of a dark roast coffee blend reduces DNA damage in humans: results from a 4-week randomised controlled study, 2018

Methods

The single-blind, randomised controlled study with parallel design included healthy women (n = 50) and men (n = 50) recruited from the general Central European population. The subjects were randomised in a coffee and a control group, with stratification for sex and body mass index. The study comprised two periods of 4 weeks: a preconditioning period, with daily consumption of at least 500 ml water but no coffee, nor tea, nor any other caffeine-containing product. During the subsequent intervention period the coffee group consumed 500 ml of freshly brewed dark roast coffee blend per day, the control group consumed water instead. On the last day of each period, blood was drawn and analysed by comet assay (single-cell gel electrophoresis) to assess the level of DNA damage (strand breakage).

Results

At the end of the intervention period the mean level of DNA strand breaks in the coffee group has decreased in comparison to the control group [difference in means 0.23% TI (tail intensity), p = 0.028]. The mean change from baseline (delta value) was − 23% in the coffee group (p = 0.0012). Effects of coffee intake were similar for men and women. During intervention, neither group showed any significant change in body weight or calorie intake.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that regular consumption of a dark roast coffee blend has a beneficial protective effect on human DNA integrity in both, men and women.

Coffee consumption in aged mice increases energy production and decreases hepatic mTOR levels, 2017

• The present study investigated the locomotor activity, energy metabolism, and lipid metabolism of aged mice fed coffee.

• Aged mice that consumed either caffeine-containing regular or decaffeinated coffee had decreased plasma-free fatty acids and increased adenosine triphosphate and total phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin, which is closely associated with aging, in the liver.

• Consumption of regular coffee increased the food and water intake, locomotor activity, volume of oxygen consumption, and respiration exchange ratio of aged mice.

• Coffee, one of the world's most consumed beverages, has potential antiaging effects.

Coffee induces autophagy in vivo (2014)

Epidemiological studies and clinical trials revealed that chronic consumption coffee is associated with the inhibition of several metabolic diseases as well as reduction in overall and cause-specific mortality. We show that both natural and decaffeinated brands of coffee similarly rapidly trigger autophagy in mice. One to 4 h after coffee consumption, we observed an increase in autophagic flux in all investigated organs (liver, muscle, heart) in vivo, as indicated by the increased lipidation of LC3B and the reduction of the abundance of the autophagic substrate sequestosome 1 (p62/SQSTM1). These changes were accompanied by the inhibition of the enzymatic activity of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), leading to the reduced phosphorylation of p70S6K, as well as by the global deacetylation of cellular proteins detectable by immunoblot. Immunohistochemical analyses of transgenic mice expressing a GFP–LC3B fusion protein confirmed the coffee-induced relocation of LC3B to autophagosomes, as well as general protein deacetylation. Altogether, these results indicate that coffee triggers 2 phenomena that are also induced by nutrient depletion, namely a reduction of protein acetylation coupled to an increase in autophagy. We speculate that polyphenols contained in coffee promote health by stimulating autophagy.

Chlorogenic acids

Chlorogenic acids (CGAs) are a family of polyphenolic compounds, which are esters between trans-cinnamic acid (such as caffeic, ferulic and coumaric acid) and quinic acid (1 l—1 [OH], 3, 4/5-tetrahydroxycyclohexane carboxylic acid)(Figure 1).1 Three major subclasses of CGAs are caffeoylquinic (CQA), feruloylquinic (FQA) and dicaffeoylquinic (diCQA) acids.1 The principal CGA in coffee is 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA) and its isomers 3- and 4-CQA.1 Coffee and its derivatives can be a major source of dietary CGA for humans. A regular cup of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) contains between 70 and 200 mg of CGA, and a cup of Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) contains between 70 and 300 mg of CGA.2 Daily CGA intake in heavy coffee drinkers is about 0.5–1.0 g, whereas in coffee abstainers the daily intake can be <100 mg.3 Thus, dietary CGA intake can be heavily influenced by coffee consumption. Other dietary sources of CGA include tea, cocoa, pome fruits (such as apples and pears), berry fruits and citrus fruits.2

Green Coffee Bean Extract 

Antihypertensive Effect of Green Coffee Bean Extract on Mildly Hypertensive Subjects

Kazuya Kozuma, Shigemi Tsuchiya, Jun Kohori, Tadashi Hase & Ichiro Tokimitsu, 2005

A water-soluble green coffee bean extract (GCE) has been shown to be effective against hypertension in both spontaneously hypertensive rats and humans. This multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study evaluated the dose-response relationship of GCE in 117 male volunteers with mild hypertension. Subjects were randomized into four groups: a placebo and three drug groups that received 46 mg, 93 mg, or 185 mg of GCE once a day. After 28 days, systolic blood pressure (SBP) in the placebo, 46 mg, 93 mg, and 185 mg groups was reduced by −1.3±3.0 mmHg, −3.2±4.6 mmHg, −4.7±4.5 mmHg, and −5.6±4.2 mmHg from the baseline, respectively. The decreases in SBP in the 93 mg group (p<0.05) and the 185 mg group (p<0.01) were statistically significant compared with the placebo group. Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in the placebo, 46 mg, 93 mg, and 185 mg groups was reduced by −0.8±3.1 mmHg, −2.9±2.9 mmHg, −3.2±3.2 mmHg, and −3.9±2.8 mmHg from the baseline, respectively, and significant effects were observed in the 93 mg group (p<0.05) and the 185 mg group (p<0.01) compared with the placebo group. Both blood pressures were significantly reduced in a dose-related manner by GCE (p<0.001). Adverse effects caused by GCE were not observed. The results suggested that daily use of GCE has a blood pressure-lowering effect in patients with mild hypertension.

The effect of green coffee extract supplementation on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, 2019

Abstract

Given the proliferation in studies investigating green coffee bean extract (GCBE) supplementation, the purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy and effectiveness of GCBE supplementation on indices of blood pressure. The literature search was performed in four databases, namely, PubMed/Medline, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar, to identify clinical trials that examined the effects of green coffee supplements on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) up to February 2019. Mean change and standard deviation (SD) of the outcome measures were used to estimate the mean difference between the intervention group and the control group at follow-up. Nine studies reported SBP and DBP as an outcome measure. Results revealed significant reduction in SBP (weighted mean difference: −3.093 mmHg, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −3.914, −2.273; I2 = 0.0%) and DBP (−2.170 mmHg, 95% CI: −2.749, −1.590; I2= 46.5%) after green coffee supplementation with low heterogeneity among the studies. In addition, in subgroup analysis, a significant reduction in SBP and DBP in studies with hypertensive patients, green coffee dosage <400 mg, and administered for 4 weeks was identified. The results of the current meta-analysis study support the use of GCBE supplementation for the improvement of blood pressure indices, with subgroup analysis highlighting improvements in hypertensive patients.

Lipolytic Activity of Svetol®, a Decaffeinated Green Coffee Bean Extract, 2013

The beneficial health effects of chlorogenic acids (CGAs), major components of coffee beans, are well known and have been attributed to multiple mechanisms of action. However, the lipolytic activity of CGAs does not appear to have been reported. We studied the effects of varying concentrations of Svetol®, a decaffeinated green coffee bean extract enriched in CGAs, on the liberation of free fatty acids from human adipocytes following short-term (2 h) and long-term (192 h) exposure. The results showed that although lipolytic activity observed following short-term incubation could be tentatively linked to residual caffeine traces in the sample, longer-term exposure clearly showed the effects of Svetol® on release of free fatty acids, and this effect was not due to caffeine. The results of this study provide a further mechanism by which to explain the long-term health benefits of CGAs and Svetol®.

[Long term increases in lipolysis was seen upon regular Decaffeinated Green Coffee Bean Extract consumption.]

Energy restriction combined with green coffee bean extract affects serum adipocytokines and the body composition in obese women, 2017

Background and Objectives: Obesity has become a public health problem and is a cause of some preventable illnesses. Among several methods for treating obesity, the use of food supplements is highly common. A commonly used food supplement is green coffee bean extract. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of green coffee bean extract combined with an energy-restricted diet on the body composition and serum adipocytokines in obese women. 

Methods and Study Design: In this randomised clinical trial, 64 obese women aged 20-45 years were selected and divided into two groups: an intervention group (receiving 400 mg green coffee bean extract for 8 weeks) and control group (receiving placebo). All participants were on an energy-restricted diet. The body composition, leptin, adiponectin, lipid profile, free fatty acids (FFAs), and fasting blood sugar were compared between the two groups. 

Results: We observed significant reductions in the body weight, body mass and fat mass indices, and waist-to-hip circumference ratio in both groups; however, the decrease was higher in the intervention group. Moreover, serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, leptin, and plasma free fatty acids significantly decreased in the intervention group (p<0.05) after adjustment for energy and fibre intake. The serum adiponectin concentration significantly increased in the intervention group (p<0.05). 

Conclusions: Green coffee bean extract combined with an energy-restricted diet affects fat accumulation and lipid metabolism and is thus an inexpensive method for weight control in obese people.

The Use of Green Coffee Extract as a Weight Loss Supplement: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Clinical Trials, 2011

The purpose of this paper is to assess the efficacy of green coffee extract (GCE) as a weight loss supplement, using data from human clinical trials. Electronic and nonelectronic searches were conducted to identify relevant articles, with no restrictions in time or language. Two independent reviewers extracted the data and assessed the methodological quality of included studies. Five eligible trials were identified, and three of these were included. All studies were associated with a high risk of bias. The meta-analytic result reveals a significant difference in body weight in GCE compared with placebo (mean difference: −2.47 kg; 95%CI: −4.23, −0.72). The magnitude of the effect is moderate, and there is significant heterogeneity amongst the studies. It is concluded that the results from these trials are promising, but the studies are all of poor methodological quality. More rigorous trials are needed to assess the usefulness of GCE as a weight loss tool.

The effects of green coffee bean extract supplementation on lipid profile in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (link)

Highlights

• Green coffee extract supplementation significantly reduce serum total cholesterol (TC) concentrations.

• Green coffee extract supplementation significantly reduce serum LDL-C concentrations.

• Green coffee extract supplementation has not significant effect on serum triglycerides (TG).

• Increases in HLD after green coffee bean extract consumption was significant in GCE dosages ≥400 mg.

Abstract

Background and aim

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effects of green coffee bean extract (GCBE) supplementation on lipid profile in adults.

Methods and results

The PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of sciences, and Google Scholar were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials available in English and published before February 2019. The meta-analysis was conducted using fixed effects models, and between-study heterogeneity was assessed by Cochran's Q test and I2. A total of 17 effect sizes were included in the meta-analysis. Combined effect sizes on serum total cholesterol concentrations revealed significant effects of GCBE supplementation on serum total cholesterol [weighted mean difference (WMD): −4.51 mg/dL, 95% confidence interval (CI): −6.89, −2.12, p < 0.001], low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (WMD: −4.38 mg/dL, 95% CI: −6.44, −2.31, p < 0.001), and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (WMD: 2.63 mg/dL, 95% CI: 2.20, 3.07, p < 0.001) compared to controls. Nevertheless, no significant changes were observed in serum triglycerides levels (WMD: −4.34 mg/dL, 95% CI: −9.00, 0.32, p = 0.068).

Conclusion

The evidence from available studies suggests that the GCBE supplementation leads to significant reductions in total cholesterol, HDL-C, and LDL-C levels, and has modest, but, non-significant effects on triglycerides levels.

Effects of Green Coffee Bean Extract Supplementation on Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial (link)

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major worldwide public health problem with no effective treatment options. Green coffee bean extract (GCBE) is a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals with a variety of biochemical and physiological

effects.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of GCBE on the management of patients with NAFLD.

Methods: 44 patients with NAFLD were enrolled in a parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. The participants were administered either GCBE or placebo (1 gram/day) for 8 weeks. They also were advised to follow a standard energy-balanced diet and physical activity. Liver ultrasonography, anthropometric variables, and biochemical parameters were compared at pre- and post-intervention.

Results: GCBE significantly improved the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol, free fatty acids (FFAs), fasting blood sugar (FBS), homeostasismodel assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) compared to the placebo group. On the other hand, there were no significant differences between the two groups in body weight, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, LDL-C to HDL-C ratio, insulin, degree of steatosis, aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α).

Conclusions: GCBE supplementation may benefit patients with NAFLD. These beneficial effects may be due to the possible ability of GCBE to improve insulin sensitivity and its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Effect of green coffee bean extract supplementation on liver function and inflammatory biomarkers: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

Inflammation is considered a major contributor to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and several chronic diseases such as, cardiovascular disease and type two diabetes. Green coffee bean extract (GCBE) supplementation has been suggested to enhancing antioxidant capacity in people with obesity but results across studies are mixed. We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of GCBE supplementation in overweight/obese with normal liver function and NAFLD adults with ALT, AST, γ-GTP, ALP, LDH, CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α as outcomes by searching PubMed and other databases. Eight studies were included, totaling 330 participants randomized to GCBE supplementation or placebo ranging from 50 mg/day to 1200 mg/day for 8–12 weeks. GCBE supplementation resulted in lower levels of TNF-α (mean difference = 1.37 pg/mL [95% CI = 0.97–1.76]; p < 0.00001). No significant difference was found in the remaining markers. In conclusion, GCBE supplementation attenuated TNF-α, a circulating inflammatory marker mediator which may be linked with lower systemic inflammation. However, potential cellular and molecular mechanisms by which GCBE exerts this positive effect warrants further investigations in human model studies.

Effects of green coffee extract supplementation on anthropometric indices, glycaemic control, blood pressure, lipid profile, insulin resistance and appetite in patients with the metabolic syndrome: a randomised clinical trial

This study was conducted to elucidate the effects of decaffeinated green coffee bean extract (GCE) on anthropometric indices, glycaemic control, blood pressure, lipid profile, insulin resistance and appetite in patients with the metabolic syndrome (Mets). Subjects were randomly allocated to consume 400 mg GCE or placebo capsules twice per d for 8 weeks. Both groups were advised to follow an energy balanced diet. After GCE supplementation, systolic blood pressure (SBP) significantly reduced compared with the placebo group (−13·76 (SD 8·48) v. −6·56 (SD 9·58) mmHg, P=0·01). Also, GCE treatment significantly reduced fasting blood glucose (FBS) (−5·15 (SD 60·22) v. 29·42 (SD 40·01) mg/dl (−0·28 (SD 3·34) v. 1·63 (SD 2·22) mmol/l); P=0·03) and homoeostatic model of assessment of insulin resistance in comparison to placebo (−1·41 (SD 3·33) v. 1·23 (SD 3·84), P=0·02). In addition, waist circumference (−2·40 (SD 2·54) v. −0·66 (SD 1·17) cm, P=0·009) and appetite score (−1·44 (SD 1·72) v. −0·2 (SD 1·32), P=0·01) of the individuals supplemented with GCE indicated a significant decline. Besides, weight and BMI reduction in the intervention group was almost twice as much as the placebo group; however, this discrepancy was marginally significant (weight: −2·08 (SD 2·11) v. −0·92 (SD 1·30) kg, P=0·05). No difference was observed in terms of glycated Hb (HbA1c) percentage and lipid profile parameters between the two groups. To sum up, GCE administration had an ameliorating effect on some of the Mets components such as high SBP, high FBS and Mets main aetiological factors including insulin resistance and abdominal obesity. Furthermore, GCE supplementation could reduce appetite level.

Antitumor Effects of Freeze-Dried Robusta Coffee (Coffea canephora) Extracts on Breast Cancer Cell Lines

Green and dark coffee extract significantly reduced viability in human breast, colorectal, brain, and bone cancer cells. Coffee anticancer activity was clearly evidenced in MDA-MB-

The effects of green coffee extract supplementation on glycemic indices and lipid profile in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of clinical trials, 2020

Background

The role of coffee consumption in the risk of cardiovascular diseases has been debated for many years. The current study aimed to summarize earlier evidence on the effects of green coffee extract (GCE) supplementation on glycemic indices and lipid profile.

Methods

We searched available online databases for relevant clinical trials published up to October 2019. All clinical trials investigating the effect of GCE supplementation, compared with a control group, on fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum insulin, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were included. Overall, 14 clinical trials with a total sample size of 766 participants were included in the current meta-analysis.

Results

We found a significant reducing effect of GCE supplementation on FBG WMD: -2.35, 95% CI: − 3.78, − 0.92 mg/dL, P = 0.001) and serum insulin (WMD: -0.63, 95% CI: − 1.11, − 0.15 μU/L, P = 0.01). With regard to lipid profile, we observed a significant reduction only in serum levels of TC following GCE supplementation in the overall meta-analysis (WMD: -4.51, 95% CI: − 8.39, − 0.64, P = 0.02). However, subgroup analysis showed a significant reduction in serum TG in studies enrolled both genders. Also, such a significant reduction was seen in serum levels of LDL and HDL when the analyses confined to studies with intervention duration of ≥8 weeks and those included female subjects. In the non-linear dose-response analyses, we found that the effects of chlorogenic acid (CGA) dosage, the main polyphenol in GCE, on FBG, TG and HDL were in the non-linear fashions.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we found that GCE supplementation improved FBG and serum levels of insulin and TC. Also, there was a significant improvement in other markers of lipid profile in some subgroups of clinical trials.

Inhibitory effect of green coffee bean extract on fat accumulation and body weight gain in mice, 2006

An epidemiological study conducted in Italy indicated that coffee has the greatest antioxidant capacity among the commonly consumed beverages. Green coffee bean is rich in chlorogenic acid and its related compounds. The effect of green coffee bean extract (GCBE) on fat accumulation and body weight in mice was assessed with the objective of investigating the effect of GCBE on mild obesity.

Results

It was found that 0.5% and 1% GCBE reduced visceral fat content and body weight. Caffeine and chlorogenic acid showed a tendency to reduce visceral fat and body weight. Oral administration of GCBE (100 and 200 mg/kg· day) for 13 days showed a tendency to reduce hepatic TG in mice. In the same model, chlorogenic acid (60 mg/kg· day) reduced hepatic TG level. In mice loaded with olive oil (5 mL/kg), GCBE (200 and 400 mg/kg) and caffeine (20 and 40 mg/kg) reduced serum TG level. GCBE (1%), neochlorogenic acid (0.028% and 0.055%) and feruloylquinic acid mixture (0.081%) significantly enhanced hepatic CPT activity in mice. However, neither caffeine nor chlorogenic acid alone was found to enhance CPT activity.

Conclusion

These results suggest that GCBE is possibly effective against weight gain and fat accumulation by inhibition of fat absorption and activation of fat metabolism in the liver. Caffeine was found to be a suppressor of fat absorption, while chlorogenic acid was found to be partially involved in the suppressive effect of GCBE that resulted in the reduction of hepatic TG level. Phenolic compounds such as neochlorogenic acid and feruloylquinic acid mixture, except chlorogenic acid, can enhance hepatic CPT activity.